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Disease Detection

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Common Crop Diseases

Rice Blast · Rice+

Symptoms: Diamond-shaped grey-white lesions with brown borders on leaves; neck rot on panicles.
Causes: Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, favoured by high humidity and excess nitrogen.
Treatment: Spray Tricyclazole 75% WP @ 0.6 g/L or Isoprothiolane at early symptoms.
Prevention: Use resistant varieties, balanced nitrogen, avoid dense planting, treat seeds.

Bacterial Leaf Blight · Rice+

Symptoms: Water-soaked yellow streaks from leaf tips that turn straw-coloured and wilt.
Causes: Bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae spreading via wind, rain and infected water.
Treatment: Spray Copper oxychloride + Streptocycline; drain field to reduce spread.
Prevention: Plant resistant varieties, avoid waterlogging, use clean seed and tools.

Wheat Rust · Wheat+

Symptoms: Orange-brown powdery pustules on leaves and stems reducing grain fill.
Causes: Puccinia fungi, thriving in cool moist mornings and dewy conditions.
Treatment: Apply Propiconazole 25% EC @ 1 ml/L at first pustule appearance.
Prevention: Grow resistant varieties, timely sowing, remove volunteer plants.

Tomato Early Blight · Tomato+

Symptoms: Dark concentric 'target' spots on older leaves with yellow halos; defoliation.
Causes: Fungus Alternaria solani, spread by warm humid weather and splashing water.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2.5 g/L or Chlorothalonil every 7-10 days.
Prevention: Crop rotation, staking, mulching, drip irrigation, remove infected leaves.

Potato Late Blight · Potato+

Symptoms: Dark water-soaked blotches on leaves with white mould underneath; tuber rot.
Causes: Oomycete Phytophthora infestans, rapid in cool wet cloudy weather.
Treatment: Spray Metalaxyl + Mancozeb promptly; remove and destroy infected plants.
Prevention: Use certified seed, earthing up, avoid overhead watering, monitor weather.

Maize Leaf Blight · Maize+

Symptoms: Long cigar-shaped grey-green lesions on leaves that dry up from the bottom upward.
Causes: Fungus Exserohilum turcicum, favoured by moderate temperatures and high humidity.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2.5 g/L or Zineb at first appearance of lesions.
Prevention: Grow resistant hybrids, rotate crops, remove crop debris, balanced fertilizer.

Cotton Leaf Curl · Cotton+

Symptoms: Upward/downward curling of leaves, leaf thickening, vein swelling and stunted growth.
Causes: Cotton leaf curl virus spread by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).
Treatment: Control whitefly with Imidacloprid; remove and destroy infected plants early.
Prevention: Plant resistant varieties, timely sowing, manage whitefly, avoid ratoon crops.

Chilli Anthracnose (Fruit Rot) · Chilli+

Symptoms: Sunken circular dark spots on ripe fruits with pinkish spore masses; fruit rot and drop.
Causes: Fungus Colletotrichum spp., spread by warm humid weather and splashing rain.
Treatment: Spray Carbendazim or Azoxystrobin; remove and destroy infected fruits.
Prevention: Use disease-free seed, treat seed, avoid overhead irrigation, crop rotation.

Banana Panama Wilt · Banana+

Symptoms: Yellowing of older leaves, wilting, splitting of pseudostem base, internal browning.
Causes: Soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, persists in soil for years.
Treatment: No effective cure once infected; remove and destroy affected plants, treat soil.
Prevention: Plant tissue-culture resistant varieties, good drainage, avoid infected suckers.

Sugarcane Red Rot · Sugarcane+

Symptoms: Drying of crown leaves; reddened internal tissue with white crossbands and sour smell.
Causes: Fungus Colletotrichum falcatum, spread through infected setts and water.
Treatment: No cure for infected canes; rogue out and destroy; use clean setts next season.
Prevention: Plant resistant varieties, hot-water treat setts, rotate, ensure drainage.

Mango Powdery Mildew · Mango+

Symptoms: White powdery growth on flowers, young fruit and leaves; flower drop and poor set.
Causes: Fungus Oidium mangiferae, favoured by cool dry nights and humid mornings at flowering.
Treatment: Spray wettable sulphur or Hexaconazole at flowering and repeat after 15 days.
Prevention: Prune for airflow, avoid excess nitrogen, spray preventively before flowering.

Groundnut Leaf Spot (Tikka) · Groundnut+

Symptoms: Round brown spots with yellow halos on leaves; heavy defoliation in severe cases.
Causes: Fungi Cercospora spp., favoured by warm humid weather late in the season.
Treatment: Spray Chlorothalonil or Mancozeb at first spots; repeat at 15-day intervals.
Prevention: Crop rotation, resistant varieties, remove crop residue, timely sowing.

Brinjal Little Leaf · Brinjal+

Symptoms: Excessive proliferation of shoots, shortened internodes, small leaves and no fruiting.
Causes: Phytoplasma transmitted by leafhopper (Hishimonus phycitis).
Treatment: Remove infected plants; spray Imidacloprid to control leafhoppers.
Prevention: Use disease-free seedlings, control leafhoppers early, rogue infected plants.

Okra Yellow Vein Mosaic · Okra+

Symptoms: Yellowing of veins and veinlets, stunted growth, reduced flowering and fruiting.
Causes: Begomovirus transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).
Treatment: No chemical cure; spray neem oil or insecticidal soap to suppress whiteflies.
Prevention: Grow resistant hybrids, use yellow sticky traps, avoid ratoon cropping.

Onion Purple Blotch · Onion+

Symptoms: Small elliptical purple lesions on leaves and seed stalks that enlarge and girdle.
Causes: Fungus Alternaria porri, favoured by prolonged leaf wetness and warm weather.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb 75% WP or Copper oxychloride at first sign; repeat every 10 days.
Prevention: Avoid overhead irrigation, practice crop rotation, use resistant varieties.

Cabbage Black Rot · Cabbage+

Symptoms: V-shaped yellow lesions on leaf margins; blackened vascular bundles in stem.
Causes: Bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, spread via infected seed and water.
Treatment: No cure; remove and destroy infected plants. Copper sprays may reduce spread.
Prevention: Use certified disease-free seed, crop rotation (3 years), sanitize tools.

Cauliflower Downy Mildew · Cauliflower+

Symptoms: Pale yellow-green angular spots on upper leaf surface; fluffy grey growth below.
Causes: Oomycete Hyaloperonospora brassicae, thrives in cool humid conditions.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Metalaxyl-Mancozeb before symptoms appear; repeat as needed.
Prevention: Ensure good drainage, wide spacing, avoid wetting foliage, rotate crops.

Bitter Gourd Downy Mildew · Bitter Gourd+

Symptoms: Angular yellow spots on upper leaves; purplish-grey downy growth on undersides.
Causes: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, spreads rapidly under high humidity and dew.
Treatment: Apply Mancozeb or Dimethomorph early; remove severely infected leaves.
Prevention: Avoid dense planting, use trellises for airflow, morning irrigation, crop rotation.

Watermelon Fusarium Wilt · Watermelon+

Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of older leaves; vascular browning; sudden plant collapse.
Causes: Soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum, persists for years.
Treatment: No effective chemical cure; uproot and destroy infected plants.
Prevention: Use grafted seedlings on resistant rootstocks, solarize soil, long crop rotation.

Papaya Ring Spot Virus · Papaya+

Symptoms: Mottling and distortion of leaves; ring spots on fruits; stunted growth.
Causes: Potyvirus transmitted by aphids (non-persistent manner).
Treatment: No cure; remove infected plants immediately to reduce spread.
Prevention: Plant tolerant varieties, control aphids, use reflective mulches, rogue infected plants.

Guava Wilt · Guava+

Symptoms: Yellowing, drooping and sudden drying of foliage starting from lower branches.
Causes: Fungus Nalanthamala psidii and Fusarium spp., often linked with poor drainage.
Treatment: Drench soil with Carbendazim or Copper fungicide; prune and destroy dead branches.
Prevention: Improve drainage, avoid waterlogging, apply balanced nutrients, use tolerant varieties.

Grapes Downy Mildew · Grapes+

Symptoms: Yellowish oily spots on upper leaves; white cottony growth on underside; bunch rot.
Causes: Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, spreads in rainy humid weather.
Treatment: Spray Metalaxyl + Mancozeb or Dimethomorph at pre-bloom and post-bloom stages.
Prevention: Prune for aeration, avoid wetting foliage, use trellis system, preventive sprays.

Pomegranate Bacterial Blight · Pomegranate+

Symptoms: Dark water-soaked lesions on leaves, twigs and fruits leading to fruit cracking.
Causes: Bacterium Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae, spread by wind-driven rain.
Treatment: Spray Copper hydroxide or Streptocycline + Copper oxychloride; remove infected twigs.
Prevention: Avoid injury to plants, spray preventive copper during monsoon, improve field hygiene.

Citrus Canker · Citrus+

Symptoms: Raised corky lesions on leaves, fruit and twigs surrounded by yellow halos.
Causes: Bacterium Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, spreads by wind-blown rain and tools.
Treatment: No cure; copper sprays can suppress spread. Remove severely infected plants.
Prevention: Use canker-free nursery stock, windbreaks, copper preventive sprays, disinfect tools.

Apple Scab · Apple+

Symptoms: Olive-green to black velvety spots on leaves and fruits; fruit cracking and deformation.
Causes: Fungus Venturia inaequalis, active in cool wet spring weather.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Dodine at green tip and petal fall stages; repeat per schedule.
Prevention: Plant scab-resistant varieties, remove fallen leaves, prune for sunlight and airflow.

Cucumber Downy Mildew · Cucumber+

Symptoms: Angular yellow spots on leaves; greyish-purple fuzzy growth on undersides; leaf death.
Causes: Pseudoperonospora cubensis, favoured by high humidity and moderate temperatures.
Treatment: Apply Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil at first symptoms; rotate with systemic fungicides.
Prevention: Use resistant varieties, avoid overhead watering, trellis for airflow, crop rotation.

Pea Powdery Mildew · Pea+

Symptoms: White powdery patches on leaves, stems and pods; leaves curl and dry prematurely.
Causes: Fungus Erysiphe pisi, active in warm dry days and cool nights with dew.
Treatment: Spray Sulphur or Azoxystrobin at first sign; repeat at 10-15 day intervals.
Prevention: Use resistant cultivars, avoid excessive nitrogen, ensure good spacing and sunlight.

Carrot Leaf Blight · Carrot+

Symptoms: Dark brown to black irregular lesions on leaves and petioles; leaf wilting and death.
Causes: Fungus Alternaria dauci, spreads by splashing water and wind in humid weather.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil; remove severely infected leaves.
Prevention: Use disease-free seed, practice crop rotation, avoid dense planting, ensure drainage.

Turmeric Rhizome Rot · Turmeric+

Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of leaves; rotting of rhizomes with foul smell; plant collapse.
Causes: Soil-borne fungi Fusarium and Pythium, worsened by waterlogging and poor drainage.
Treatment: Drench soil with Copper oxychloride or Carbendazim; remove and destroy infected rhizomes.
Prevention: Select healthy rhizomes, treat with Trichoderma before planting, improve drainage.

Ginger Soft Rot · Ginger+

Symptoms: Pale water-soaked spots on rhizome that become soft and pulpy; yellowing and wilting.
Causes: Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum and Pythium myriotylum in wet poorly-drained soils.
Treatment: No effective cure; uproot infected plants and treat surrounding soil with lime.
Prevention: Use disease-free seed rhizomes, solarize soil, ensure drainage, crop rotation.

Coconut Root (Wilt) Disease · Coconut+

Symptoms: Flaccidity of leaflets, yellowing, tapering of stem, reduced nut size and yield decline.
Causes: Phytoplasma-like organism transmitted by insect vectors and root contact.
Treatment: No cure; apply adequate nutrients and water to sustain yield of affected palms.
Prevention: Remove and destroy severely affected palms, apply neem cake, use tolerant varieties.

Pineapple Heart Rot · Pineapple+

Symptoms: Reddish-brown rotting of central leaves; heart pulls out easily with foul smell.
Causes: Phytophthora nicotianae and Pythium spp., favoured by waterlogged soils.
Treatment: Drench crown with Metalaxyl or Fosetyl-Al; remove and destroy infected plants.
Prevention: Plant on raised beds, avoid over-irrigation, use disease-free suckers.

Lychee Fruit Rot · Lychee+

Symptoms: Brown to black spots on fruits; cracked pericarp and white fungal growth in wet weather.
Causes: Fungi Peronophythora litchii and Colletotrichum spp., spread by rain splash.
Treatment: Spray Copper oxychloride or Mancozeb during fruit development; remove infected fruits.
Prevention: Prune for airflow, avoid dense planting, harvest promptly, field sanitation.

Peach Leaf Curl · Peach+

Symptoms: Thickened, curled, reddish leaves that later turn yellow and drop; reduced fruit set.
Causes: Fungus Taphrina deformis, infecting buds during cool wet spring weather.
Treatment: Apply Chlorothalonil or Copper fungicide before bud swell; remove affected leaves.
Prevention: Plant resistant varieties, timely dormant sprays, avoid excessive nitrogen.

Strawberry Gray Mold · Strawberry+

Symptoms: Fuzzy gray-brown mold on ripe fruits, flowers and leaves; fruit becomes soft and rotten.
Causes: Fungus Botrytis cinerea, thrives in cool humid conditions and dense plantings.
Treatment: Apply Iprodione or Captan; remove infected berries and flowers immediately.
Prevention: Use mulch to keep fruit dry, space plants for airflow, avoid overhead irrigation.

Jamun Leaf Spot · Jamun+

Symptoms: Circular brown spots with gray centers on leaves; premature defoliation and fruit cracking.
Causes: Fungus Cercospora spp. and Phomopsis spp., favoured by humid monsoon weather.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Carbendazim at first sign; collect and burn fallen leaves.
Prevention: Improve tree vigour, prune low branches, avoid waterlogging, balanced nutrition.

Amla Rust · Amla+

Symptoms: Orange-brown pustules on lower leaf surface; yellowing, defoliation and small fruits.
Causes: Fungus Phragmidium disciflorum, active in warm humid conditions.
Treatment: Spray Sulphur or Mancozeb when pustules appear; repeat after 15 days.
Prevention: Collect fallen leaves, prune for sunlight, avoid dense planting, balanced fertilizer.

Jackfruit Die-back · Jackfruit+

Symptoms: Drying of twigs from tip downward; blackening of affected parts and fruit rot.
Causes: Fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae entering through wounds or dead tissue.
Treatment: Prune diseased twigs and paint cut ends with Bordeaux paste; spray Copper fungicide.
Prevention: Avoid mechanical injuries, maintain tree health, prune during dry weather.

Black Pepper Foot Rot / Wilt · Black Pepper+

Symptoms: Yellowing and wilting of vines; black lesions at base; sudden vine collapse.
Causes: Phytophthora capsici and Fusarium spp., spread by splashing rain and poor drainage.
Treatment: Drench base with Metalaxyl-Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride; remove severely infected vines.
Prevention: Use standards for support, good drainage, mulching, disease-free cuttings.

Cardamom Azhukal Disease · Cardamom+

Symptoms: Water-soaked lesions on leaves and capsules; rotting of panicles and young capsules.
Causes: Oomycete Phytophthora nicotianae, favoured by continuous rain and high humidity.
Treatment: Spray Metalaxyl-Mancozeb or Bordeaux mixture; remove infected plant parts.
Prevention: Provide shade regulation, improve drainage, avoid stagnant water, crop sanitation.

Clove Seedling Blight · Clove+

Symptoms: Sudden collapse of seedlings; dark rotting at collar region; damping-off in nurseries.
Causes: Fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium spp. in poorly drained nursery beds.
Treatment: Drench with Carbendazim or Copper oxychloride; improve drainage in nursery.
Prevention: Use sterilized nursery mixture, avoid overwatering, thin dense seedlings.

Nutmeg Fruit Rot · Nutmeg+

Symptoms: Brown to black rotting of mace and nut; premature fruit drop and mace discolouration.
Causes: Fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora spp. in wet humid weather.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Copper fungicide during fruit development; remove fallen fruits.
Prevention: Prune for aeration, avoid waterlogging, harvest mature fruits, field sanitation.

Coriander Stem Gall · Coriander+

Symptoms: Swollen green to purple galls on stems, leaves and umbels; stunted growth and poor seed set.
Causes: Bacterium Pantoea agglomerans transmitted through seed and rain splash.
Treatment: No cure; remove and destroy infected plants. Copper sprays may reduce spread.
Prevention: Use disease-free seed, crop rotation, avoid dense sowing, seed treatment.

Cumin Wilt · Cumin+

Symptoms: Yellowing, drooping and wilting of plants; vascular browning and sudden death.
Causes: Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini, a soil-borne fungus persisting in seed beds.
Treatment: Drench soil with Carbendazim or Trichoderma; remove infected plants.
Prevention: Use certified seed, crop rotation, soil solarization, balanced irrigation.

Fenugreek Root Rot · Fenugreek+

Symptoms: Wilting and yellowing of foliage; rotting of roots and taproot; stunted plants.
Causes: Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium spp. in waterlogged or compacted soils.
Treatment: Drench with Carbendazim or Copper oxychloride; improve drainage immediately.
Prevention: Avoid over-irrigation, ensure drainage, use disease-free seed, light sowing.

Mustard White Rust · Mustard+

Symptoms: White pustules on lower leaf surface; yellow spots on upper surface; staghead formation.
Causes: Oomycete Albugo candida, favoured by cool moist weather.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride; remove stagheads before spore release.
Prevention: Grow resistant varieties, early sowing, crop rotation, destroy cruciferous weeds.

Fennel Blight · Fennel+

Symptoms: Brown necrotic spots on leaves and stems; umbel blight and seed shrivelling.
Causes: Fungus Alternaria spp. and Cercospora spp., spread by wind and rain.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Chlorothalonil at first symptoms; repeat at 10-day intervals.
Prevention: Use disease-free seed, crop rotation, avoid dense sowing, field sanitation.

Garlic Purple Blotch · Garlic+

Symptoms: Purple elliptical lesions on leaves and bulbs; leaves yellow and collapse prematurely.
Causes: Fungus Alternaria porri, favoured by warm wet weather and poor airflow.
Treatment: Spray Mancozeb or Copper oxychloride; harvest after foliage dries completely.
Prevention: Use healthy cloves, space rows for airflow, avoid overhead irrigation, crop rotation.